Ecocriticism and the Southern Challenge
Resumo
The Southern challenge to mainstream or Euro/north-American ecocriticism arises out of a desire to defeat and dismantle the hegemony of ecocritical theory and praxis which for quite some time has projected itself as the vanguard of ecocritical consciousness. Drawing references from both history of the environment as well as fictional and non-fictional texts writers and critics of the global South argued that mainstream ecocriticism while proposing itself as normative and egalitarian, not only failed to reflect the environmental perceptions of the global South, but its very representation of the environment is highly parochial, skewed, irrelevant and elitist. The Southern challenge thus consists in writing back against the West’s self proclaimed epistemological centrality of ecocritical enquiry by giving voice to the disenfranchised of the global South, by allowing he margins to speak and thereby to articulate their environmental realities which till now had been un/under-represented in mainstream ecocritical discourse.
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BACON, Francis. "Valerius Terminus" The Works of Francis Bacon, 14 vols., vol. 3, Eds. R. L Ellis and D.D Heath. London: Longman, 1857-74. Print.
BOYLE, Robert. "Some Considerations touching the Usefulness of Expperimental Natural Philosophy", Part II. The Works of Robert Boyle, 14 vols, Eds. M. H Hunter and E.B Davis. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2000. Print.
BRENAN, T. At Home in the World: Cosmopolitanism Now. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1997. Print.
BROWN, April L.. "No Promised Land: The Sacred Legacy of the Castle Bravo Nuclear Test." Arms Control Today 44.2 (March 2014): 40-44. JSTOR. Web. 12 February 2016.
BUELL, Lawrence. The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing and the Formation of American Culture. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: Harvard University Press, 1995. Print.
BURTON, Keith Augustus. The Blessings of Africa: The Bible and African Christianity. Illinois: IVP Academic, 2007. Print.
CARTER, Martin. Selected Poems, Ed. David Dabydeen. London: Peepal Tree Press, 1999.
Print.
DERIVERO, Oswaldo. The Myth of Development: The Non-Viable Economies of the Twenty-First Century. London: Zed Books, 2001. Print.
FANON, Franz. The Wretched of the Earth, Trans Richard Philcox. New York: Grove Press, 2004. Print.
FRIEDMAN, Thomas. The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century. Farrar,Straus and Giroux, USA, 2015
GHOSH, Amitav. The Hungry Tide. New Delhi: Harper Collins, 2004. Print.
GROVE, Richard. Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of the Environmentalisms, 1600-1860. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print.
GUHA, Ramachandra. Environmentalism: A Global History. New Delhi: Oxford University Press: 98, 2000. Print.
GUHA, Ramachandra and MARTINEZ-ALIER, Joan. Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South. London: Earthscan, 1997. Print.
HABILA, Helon. Oil on Water, London: Penguin Books. 2011. Print.
HUGGAN, Graham. The Post-Colonial Exotic: Marketing the Margin. London and New York: Routledge, 2001. Print.
IRVING, Sarah. Natural Science and the Origin of the British Empire. London: Pickering &
Chatto, 2008. Print.
KINCAID, Jamaica. My Garden (Book). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998. Print.
KHARE, R.S. "The Bhopal Tragedy: Labyrinthine Law and Unending Politics." Anthropology Today 6.6 (December 1990): 12-14.JSTOR. Web. 30 August 2015.
LAZARUS, Neil. "Postcolonial Studies After the Invasion of Iraq". New Formations 59, 10-22.
LENIN, V.I. The Essential writings of Lenin, 2 vols. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1947.
Print.
MACAULAY, T. B. "Minutes on Education" (2nd February 1835). Web. 10 March 2019.
MACARTHUR, Philip H. "Ambivalent Fantasies: Local Prehistories and Global Dramas in the Marshall Islands" Journal of Folklore Research 45.3 (September-December 2008): 263-298. JSTOR. Web. 12 February 2016.
MOREHOUSE, Ward. "The Ethics of Industrial Disaster in a Transnational World: The Elusive Quest for Justice and Accountability in Bhopal." Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 18.4 (Fall 1993): 475-504. JSTOR. Web. 7 September 2015.
MURKHERJEE, Upamanyu Pablo. Postcolonial Environments: Nature, Culture and
Contemporary Indian Novel in English. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.
NIXON, Rob. Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011. Print.
---- . "Environmentalism and Postcolonialism." Postcolonial Studies and Beyond, Eds. Ania Loomba et. al. Ranikhet: Permanent Black, 2005: 237-238. Print.
"Rivers of Oil and Blood: PW Talks with Helon Habila" http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/authors/interviews/article/46382-rivers-of-oil-and-blood-pw-talks-with-helon-habila.html Accessed 24th December 2015.Web.
ROSS, Sir Ronald. "The Malaria Expedition to West Africa" Science 11.262. 36-37 (5th
January 1900). Web. 10 March 2019.
ROY, Arundhati. "The Greater Common Good". The Algebra of Infinite Justice. New Delhi:
Penguin Books, 2002. Print.
SACHS, Wolfgang. (Ed.). The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge. London: Power Books, 1997. Print.
SAID, Edward. Culture and Imperialism. London: Vintage Books, 1994. Print.
SANDYA,Q&A & SINHA, Indra , "Animal’s People" Sepia Mutiny. 13th March 2008. http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2008/03/13/qa_with_indra_s/ Accessed on 15th November 2015.
SARO-WIWA, Ken. Nigeria: The Brink of Disaster. Port Harcourt: Saros International Publishers, 1991. Print.
SHIVA, Vandana. Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge. Boston: South End Press,
1999. Print.
---- .Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Development. Brooklyn, New York, Boston, MA: South End Press, 2010. Print.
SINHA, Indra. Animal’s People. London: Pocket Books, 2007. Print.
Smith-Norris, Martha. "‘Only a Dust in the Face of the Windâ’: An Analysis of the BRAVO Nuclear Incident in the Pacific, 1954." The Journal of American-East Asian Relations 6.1 (Spring 1997): 01-34. JSTOR. Web. 12th February 2016.
SPIVAK, Gayatri Chakravorty. "Can the Subaltern Speak?" Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, Ed. Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg. London: Macmillan, 1988. Print.
WORSLEY, Peter. The Third World. University of Chicaago Press, 1970.
_____________. The Three Worlds: Culture and World Development. University of Chicago
Press, 1984.
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